Thursday, January 17, 2008
Kim Hye Soo
- Date of Birth
September 05, 1970
- Height/Weight
Height: 5.58'(170cm), Weight: 107lbs (49kg)
- School
Graduate School of Sungkyungwan Univ.
- Bloodtype
A
- Religion
- Hobbies
Watching movies, Collecting photo albums, Taekwondo, Swimming
- Nickname
Dolphin
- Marriage
Single
- Web Site
http://www.sidushq.com/starhome/star_mm.asp?board_no=12
- Filmography
Movies include: The Red Shoes(2005), Faceless Beauty(2004), YMCA Baseball Team(2002), Three(2002), First Love(1993) Miniseries include: Hangangsu Taryeong(2004, MBC), Jang Hui-bin(2002, KBS), Guk Hui(1999), Jjak(1995)
- Career
Daejong Film Awards, Best Actress(2005)Baeksang Awards, Best Actress(2005, 1996) and Most Popular Actress(1995, 1991)KBS TV Awards, Best Actress (2003) MBC TV Awards Best Actress (1999, 1995)
J.Y.Park ( Park Jin Young )
Park Jin-young (35), a graduate from the prestigious Yonsei University in South Korea (majoring in Geology), is now one of Asia's most successful producer.Since 2000, Park heads JYP Entertainment (JYPE) in South Korea and has seen huge success in grooming young singers such as Park Ji-yoon, G.O.D., Noel, Rain and The Wonder Girls. Park is a talented music composer and goes by the nickname "The Asian Soul".Not satisfied with success in his home country, Park longs to break into the US market. Park literally went knocking on doors in LA and passed his music tapes to prominent American hip hop artists in 2004, introducing himself as JYP. All that sweat and work did pay off, and his music can be found on hit albums of Will Smith (I wish I made that), Mase (The Love you need) and Cassie's (When your body is talking).He has also produced music for F4 and Jackie Chung in China, and AI in Japan.Park is now based in the States and has opened JYP USA, the first Asian record label in the U.S., in the heart of Manhattan. He is currently working in parnership with Big Boi from Outkast and Lil Jon and is ready to launch three new Asian artists - namely JLim, Min and G-soul.Park's first love has always been music and dance. He actually started off being a dance singer before moving on to composing and producing. His debut was in 1994 with the first album Blue City.Name: Park Jin-young / J.Y. ParkNicknames: JYP, The Asian SoulDate of birth: 13 January, 1972Height: 185cmWeight: 78kgBlood type: ABPic credit: StarNews KoreaReferences:JY Park's Profile on MySpaceJYP’s in the business of making starsMusic mogul Park Jin-young under global spotlight (KBS World)More on JYP:JYP making a comeback as a singer!JYP’s in the business of making stars
Tuesday, January 15, 2008
P E A C E - What does it mean to you?
They thinking as follow
!efatima says:
Each of us, based on our experience have a defination - How would you define peace?
dark angel666 says:
calmness in your heart and a warm feeling...
antica says:
it's want the world wants and needs but can't have as the hands of war have locked it away from the world to reach
Ok , How do you think " means of PEACE "
!efatima says:
Each of us, based on our experience have a defination - How would you define peace?
dark angel666 says:
calmness in your heart and a warm feeling...
antica says:
it's want the world wants and needs but can't have as the hands of war have locked it away from the world to reach
Ok , How do you think " means of PEACE "
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PROUD LADY
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(5)
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(6)
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(2)
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(3)
ajymawmhomvG,fwm? c&D; oGm;&vm&wm pkyHkcspfESifhwu,f rvG,fyg/ pHuif;udk wef;NyD; wpfcgwnf;a&mufEkdifonfhyJhaxmif jzifhoGm;zdkY qHk;jzwf&onf/ r,f pdefpkaus;&GmrS rdwfaqGrsm; udkwkd; ESifhudkydkufwkdYu pDpOfay;Muyg onf/ olwkdYulnDrIjzifh {NyD 10 &uf reuf 7 em&DrSm anmifwkef;rS xGufcJhMuonf/ b,fbufudk arQmf MunfhNyD; pkyHkcspfu olYarmifav; rif;oefYausmfudk AkdvfjrwfxGef; wHwm;BuD;udk vufarmif;twkdav; jzifh ñTefjyaeonf/ uRefawmfhZeD; rcifaqGvJhu orD;vwftdwkef cspfESifhwlr oJpkrGef? oJqkvdIifwkdYudk {&m0wD0J,murf;eHab;u &Gm awGjyaeonf/ [dkrSm ig;oefY acsmif;? axmfuvkdY? "r®okcuRef;? 'DrSmu 0JBuD;? uGrf;NcHukef;? acsmif; em;pk/{&m0wDjrpfa&u jymjym pdrf;pdrf;? aEGa&rkdY a&pD;nifom onf/ c&D;oGm;í taumif; qHk;&moD/ avxku jrpfjyifudk jzwfoef;wkd;0ifvmí ae&wm at;at;vlvl&SdvSonf/ um;? &xm;awGESifhrwlonfht&om? jrpfjyifus,fudkvGefNyD; ta0;udk arQmfMunfh&wm t&omt&SdqHk;/ orD;pkyHkcspfu {&m0wDjrpf a&jyif udkMunfhum aysmfjrL;aeonf/&Gmopfudk ausmfvmawmh a&enf;í yJhaxmifu taemuf bufurf;uyfum armif;&onf/ jrwfvSacsmif;? oajyacsmif;? anmif0dkif;-'D&GmawGudk rsufvHk;jzifh om rSef;qarQmfMunfh&awmhonf/0JBuD;a&csrf;pif&Sd&m jrpfurf; bufodkY vSrf;Munfhrdonf/ ysOf;r yGifhawG tNrJwrf;jymndKUaeatmif yGifhwwfonfhae&m/ uRefawmfu ta&mifawGxJrSm c&rf;jyma&mif udk &iftckefqHk;/ oBuFefem;eD;í &Gmudkjyef&wJhtcgwdkif; c&rf;jym a&mif ysOf;ryGifhawGa0aeonfh awmtkyfcifwef;av;udk jrif& wkdif; tvGrf;a0'emwpf&yfu &ifudk pl;&Sxkd;azmufvmpNrJjzpfyg onf/'DvkdeJYpHuif;aus;&Gm ausmif; qdyfudk a&mufvmcJhMuonf/ pkyHkcspfvrf;avQmuf&rSm tcuf tcJ&Sdí vSnf;jyifvmwm awGU& onf/ awmifilrSa&mufESifh ae aom udkjrifhOD;? pHuif;rSa,mufz 0rf;uJGudkpef;vGifwkdY OD;aqmifum vmBudKaeMujcif;jzpfonf/]]vmMua[h? pkyHkcspfwdkY armf awmfqkdufNyD}}b,folatmfvkdufrSef;rod/ xkdtoHaMumifh wm½dk;ay:rS udk&if av;wpfodkufESifhuav; awmf awmfrsm;rsm; a0gceJajy;qif;vm wm jrifvkduf&ygawmhonf/
___
ausmif;a&mufwmESifh q&m awmfOD;a&0wudk OD;pGm0wfjznfh Muonf/ q&mawmfu uRefawmf wkdYarmifESrig;a,mufteuf oHk; a,mufudk uBuD;? cacG;oifay; vkdufol? i,fq&m/ ,cktouf &Spfq,fausmf/ t*¾r[mo'¨r® aZmwdu"Z? t*¾r[m *E¦0gpu y@dw? EkdifiHawmfA[dk oHCmh0ef aqmifq&mawmfBuD;jzpfaeygNyD/]]pkyHkcspfenf;ynmwuúodkvf rSm bmar*sm,lxm;ovJ}}]]wynfhawmftkdifwDygbk&m;? tifazmfar;&Sif;wufuEkdvkd*sDyg}}]]orD;q,fwef;rSm av;bm omxGufovkd 'DrSmvnf;qufNyD; BudK;pm;&r,faemf}}]]rSefygbk&m;}}q&mawmfESifhpkyHkcspfpum; tcsDtcsajymaepOfrSm uRefawmf u rlvwef;ynmtp wd&pämef aq;uk q&m0efbJGU&vli,f wpf OD;\ ynmajcvSrf;pwif vSrf; cJh&m opfom;ausmif;BuD;qDodkY ai;aerdonf/ 'DrSmu aomfuyif BuD;? ca&yifBuD;? [dkrSmu i,f oli,fcsif;awGeJY 'efcsKdifhtydefxJu xrif;awGvkpm;cJhMuonfh odrfab; ua&wGif;? NyD;awmh tifMuif;yif? ausmif;udk ta&mufydkYay;&Smonfh azaz? azazqkdí ,ckrSazazhudk owd&onf/tckvkd rdcifBuD;eJYuRefawmfwkdY armifESrwpfawG? ajr;awG olcspf aom 'D&Gm? 'Dausmif;rSm 'gejyK Murnfqkdawmh azazMunfEl; 0rf; omrSmtrSefyJ[k awG;xifaerdyg awmhonf/
(4)
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(5)
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(6)
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Monday, January 14, 2008
Sunday, January 13, 2008
About Korea
Introduction
Korea, South
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Background:
An independent Korean state or collection of states has existed almost continuously for several millennia. Between its initial unification in the 7th century - from three predecessor Korean states - until the 20th century, Korea existed as a single independent country. In 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War, Korea became a protectorate of imperial Japan, and in 1910 it was annexed as a colony. Korea regained its independence following Japan's surrender to the United States in 1945. After World War II, a Republic of Korea (ROK) was set up in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula while a Communist-style government was installed in the north (the DPRK). During the Korean War (1950-53), US troops and UN forces fought alongside soldiers from the ROK to defend South Korea from DPRK attacks supported by China and the Soviet Union. An armistice was signed in 1953, splitting the peninsula along a demilitarized zone at about the 38th parallel. Thereafter, South Korea achieved rapid economic growth with per capita income rising to roughly 14 times the level of North Korea. In 1993, KIM Young-sam became South Korea's first civilian president following 32 years of military rule. South Korea today is a fully functioning modern democracy. In June 2000, a historic first North-South summit took place between the South's President KIM Dae-jung and the North's leader KIM Jong Il.
Geography
Korea, South
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Location:
Eastern Asia, southern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea
Geographic coordinates:
37 00 N, 127 30 E
Map references:
Asia
Area:
total: 98,480 sq km land: 98,190 sq km water: 290 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Indiana
Land boundaries:
total: 238 km border countries: North Korea 238 km
Coastline:
2,413 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the Korea Strait contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: not specified
Climate:
temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
Terrain:
mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m highest point: Halla-san 1,950 m
Natural resources:
coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential
Land use:
arable land: 16.58% permanent crops: 2.01% other: 81.41% (2005)
Irrigated land:
8,780 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:
occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic activity common in southwest
Environment - current issues:
air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents; drift net fishing
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
strategic location on Korea Strait
People
Korea, South
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Population:
49,044,790 (July 2007 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 18.3% (male 4,714,103/female 4,262,873) 15-64 years: 72.1% (male 18,004,719/female 17,346,594) 65 years and over: 9.6% (male 1,921,803/female 2,794,698) (2007 est.)
Median age:
total: 35.8 years male: 34.8 years female: 36.8 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.394% (2007 est.)
Birth rate:
9.93 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate:
5.99 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.106 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.038 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.688 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 6.05 deaths/1,000 live births male: 6.43 deaths/1,000 live births female: 5.64 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.23 years male: 73.81 years female: 80.93 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.28 children born/woman (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
8,300 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Korean(s) adjective: Korean
Ethnic groups:
homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)
Religions:
Christian 26.3% (Protestant 19.7%, Roman Catholic 6.6%), Buddhist 23.2%, other or unknown 1.3%, none 49.3% (1995 census)
Languages:
Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.9% male: 99.2% female: 96.6% (2002)
Government
Korea, South
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Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Korea conventional short form: South Korea local long form: Taehan-min'guk local short form: Han'guk abbreviation: ROK
Government type:
republic
Capital:
name: Seoul geographic coordinates: 37 33 N, 126 59 E time difference: UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 7 metropolitan cities (gwangyoksi, singular and plural) provinces: Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto (North Cholla), Cholla-namdo (South Cholla), Ch'ungch'ong-bukto (North Ch'ungch'ong), Ch'ungch'ong-namdo (South Ch'ungch'ong), Kangwon-do, Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto (North Kyongsang), Kyongsang-namdo (South Kyongsang) metropolitan cities: Inch'on-gwangyoksi (Inch'on), Kwangju-gwangyoksi (Kwangju), Pusan-gwangyoksi (Pusan), Soul-t'ukpyolsi (Seoul), Taegu-gwangyoksi (Taegu), Taejon-gwangyoksi (Taejon), Ulsan-gwangyoksi (Ulsan)
Independence:
15 August 1945 (from Japan)
National holiday:
Liberation Day, 15 August (1945)
Constitution:
17 July 1948; note - amended or rewritten nine times; current constitution approved on 29 October 1987
Legal system:
combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
19 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President ROH Moo-hyun (since 25 February 2003) head of government: Prime Minister HAN Duck-soo (since 2 April 2007); Deputy Prime Ministers KIM Woo-sik (since 10 February 2006); KWON O-kyu (since 18 July 2006); KIM Shin-il (since 20 September 2006) cabinet: State Council appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation elections: president elected by popular vote for a single five-year term; election last held 19 December 2002 (next to be held on 19 December 2007); prime minister appointed by president with consent of National Assembly; deputy prime ministers appointed by president on prime minister's recommendation election results: ROH Moo-hyun elected president; percent of vote - ROH Moo-hyun (MDP) 48.9%; LEE Hoi-chang (GNP) 46.6%; other 4.5%
Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Kukhoe (299 seats; 243 members elected in single-seat constituencies, 56 elected by proportional representation; to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 15 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - Uri 51%, GNP 41%, DLP 3%, DP 3%, others 2%; seats by party - Uri 141, GNP 127, DP 12, DLP 9, PFP 5, independents 5 note: percent of vote is for 2004 general election; seats by party reflect results of 2005 and 2006 by-elections; MDP became DP in May 2005; United Liberal Democrats (ULD) merged with GNP in February 2006
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (justices appointed by president with consent of National Assembly); Constitutional Court (justices appointed by president based partly on nominations by National Assembly and Chief Justice of the court)
Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Labor Party or DLP [MOON Seong-hyun]; Democratic Party or DP [PARK Sang-chun]; Grand National Party or GNP [KANG Jae-sup]; People-First Party or PFP [SHIN Kook-hwan and SIM Dae-pyung]; Uri Party [Chung Sye-kyun]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Federation of Korean Industries; Federation of Korean Trade Unions; Korean Confederation of Trade Unions; Korean National Council of Churches; Korean Traders Association; Korean Veterans' Association; National Council of Labor Unions; National Democratic Alliance of Korea; National Federation of Farmers' Associations; National Federation of Student Associations
International organization participation:
AfDB, APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA, MIGA, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador LEE Tae-sik chancery: 2450 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 939-5600 FAX: [1] (202) 387-0205 consulate(s) general: Agana (Guam), Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, Seattle
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Alexander VERSHBOW embassy: 32 Sejong-no, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-710 mailing address: US Embassy Seoul, APO AP 96205-5550 telephone: [82] (2) 397-4114 FAX: [82] (2) 738-8845
Flag description:
white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field
Economy
Korea, South
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Economy - overview:
Since the 1960s, South Korea has achieved an incredible record of growth and integration into the high-tech modern world economy. Four decades ago, GDP per capita was comparable with levels in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. In 2004, South Korea joined the trillion dollar club of world economies. Today its GDP per capita is equal to the lesser economies of the EU. This success was achieved by a system of close government/business ties, including directed credit, import restrictions, sponsorship of specific industries, and a strong labor effort. The government promoted the import of raw materials and technology at the expense of consumer goods and encouraged savings and investment over consumption. The Asian financial crisis of 1997-99 exposed longstanding weaknesses in South Korea's development model, including high debt/equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing, and an undisciplined financial sector. GDP plunged by 6.9% in 1998, then recovered by 9.5% in 1999 and 8.5% in 2000. Growth fell back to 3.3% in 2001 because of the slowing global economy, falling exports, and the perception that much-needed corporate and financial reforms had stalled. Led by consumer spending and exports, growth in 2002 was an impressive 7%, despite anemic global growth. Between 2003 and 2006, growth moderated to about 4-5%. A downturn in consumer spending was offset by rapid export growth. Moderate inflation, low unemployment, an export surplus, and fairly equal distribution of income characterize this solid economy.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.196 trillion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):
$897.4 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
5% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$24,500 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 3.2% industry: 39.6% services: 57.2% (2006 est.)
Labor force:
23.98 million (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 6.4% industry: 26.4% services: 67.2% (2006 est.)
Unemployment rate:
3.3% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line:
15% (2003 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 25% (2005 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
35.8 (2000)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.2% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):
29% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $219.5 billion expenditures: $215.7 billion (2006 est.)
Public debt:
25.2% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products:
rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs, chickens, milk, eggs; fish
Industries:
electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, chemicals, shipbuilding, steel
Industrial production growth rate:
8% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production:
366.2 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - consumption:
352.5 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2005)
Oil - production:
7,378 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - consumption:
2.149 million bbl/day (2004)
Oil - exports:
644,100 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - imports:
2.83 million bbl/day (2004)
Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2006)
Natural gas - production:
498.7 million cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
29.17 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
28.29 billion cu m (2005)
Current account balance:
$6.092 billion (2006 est.)
Exports:
$331.8 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:
semiconductors, wireless telecommunications equipment, motor vehicles, computers, steel, ships, petrochemicals
Exports - partners:
China 21.3%, US 13.3%, Japan 8.1%, Hong Kong 5.9% (2006)
Imports:
$302.6 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics
Imports - partners:
Japan 16.8%, China 15.7%, US 11%, Saudi Arabia 6.7%, UAE 4.2% (2006)
Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $744 million (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$239 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:
$187.2 billion (2006 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$118 billion (2006 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$NA
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$835.2 billion (2006)
Currency (code):
South Korean won (KRW)
Exchange rates:
South Korean won per US dollar - 955.3 (2006), 1,024.1 (2005), 1,145.3 (2004), 1,191.6 (2003), 1,251.1 (2002)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
Communications
Korea, South
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Telephones - main lines in use:
26.866 million (2006)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
40.197 million (2006)
Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent domestic and international services domestic: NA international: country code - 82; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean) and 3 Inmarsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 61, FM 150, shortwave 2 (2005)
Television broadcast stations:
43 (plus 59 cable operators and 190 relay cable operators) (2005)
Internet country code:
.kr
Internet hosts:
315,537 (2007)
Internet users:
34.12 million (2006)
Transportation
Korea, South
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Airports:
105 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 68 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 21 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 19 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 37 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 34 (2007)
Heliports:
536 (2007)
Pipelines:
gas 1,482 km; refined products 827 km (2006)
Railways:
total: 3,472 km standard gauge: 3,472 km 1.435-m gauge (1,342 km electrified) (2006)
Roadways:
total: 100,279 km paved: 87,032 km (includes 3,060 km of expressways) unpaved: 13,247 km (2004)
Waterways:
1,608 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2007)
Merchant marine:
total: 738 ships (1000 GRT or over) 10,636,466 GRT/17,371,943 DWT by type: bulk carrier 187, cargo 202, carrier 1, chemical tanker 119, container 81, liquefied gas 26, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 21, petroleum tanker 57, refrigerated cargo 19, roll on/roll off 8, specialized tanker 4, vehicle carrier 8 foreign-owned: 22 (China 2, France 8, Japan 1, Sweden 2, UK 1, US 7, Vietnam 1) registered in other countries: 386 (Belize 4, Cambodia 29, China 1, Cyprus 2, Greece 2, Honduras 6, Hong Kong 6, Indonesia 1, Liberia 4, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 3, Netherlands 1, Panama 316, Russia 1, Singapore 7, unknown 4) (2007)
Ports and terminals:
Inch'on, Masan, P'ohang, Pusan, Ulsan
Military
Korea, South
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Military branches:
Army, Navy, Republic of Korea Air Force (Han-guk Kong Goon), Marine Corps, National Maritime Police (coast guard) (2006)
Military service age and obligation:
20-30 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 24-28 months, depending on the military branch involved (to be reduced by 6 months beginning 2014); 18 years of age for voluntary military service; women, in service since 1950, admitted to 7 service branches, including infantry, but excluded from artillery, armor, anti-air, and chaplaincy corps; some 4,000 women serve as commissioned and noncommissioned officers, approx. 2.3% of all officers (2007)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 20-49: 12,483,677 females age 20-49: 12,014,462 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 20-49: 10,115,817 females age 20-49: 9,721,914 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males age 18-49: 344,943 females age 20-49: 312,720 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.7% (2006)
Transnational Issues
Korea, South
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Disputes - international:
Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic incidents with North Korea in the Yellow Sea over the Northern Limiting Line, which South Korea claims as a maritime boundary; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954
This page was last updated on 13 December, 2007
Korea, South
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Background:
An independent Korean state or collection of states has existed almost continuously for several millennia. Between its initial unification in the 7th century - from three predecessor Korean states - until the 20th century, Korea existed as a single independent country. In 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War, Korea became a protectorate of imperial Japan, and in 1910 it was annexed as a colony. Korea regained its independence following Japan's surrender to the United States in 1945. After World War II, a Republic of Korea (ROK) was set up in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula while a Communist-style government was installed in the north (the DPRK). During the Korean War (1950-53), US troops and UN forces fought alongside soldiers from the ROK to defend South Korea from DPRK attacks supported by China and the Soviet Union. An armistice was signed in 1953, splitting the peninsula along a demilitarized zone at about the 38th parallel. Thereafter, South Korea achieved rapid economic growth with per capita income rising to roughly 14 times the level of North Korea. In 1993, KIM Young-sam became South Korea's first civilian president following 32 years of military rule. South Korea today is a fully functioning modern democracy. In June 2000, a historic first North-South summit took place between the South's President KIM Dae-jung and the North's leader KIM Jong Il.
Geography
Korea, South
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Location:
Eastern Asia, southern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea
Geographic coordinates:
37 00 N, 127 30 E
Map references:
Asia
Area:
total: 98,480 sq km land: 98,190 sq km water: 290 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Indiana
Land boundaries:
total: 238 km border countries: North Korea 238 km
Coastline:
2,413 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the Korea Strait contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: not specified
Climate:
temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
Terrain:
mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m highest point: Halla-san 1,950 m
Natural resources:
coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential
Land use:
arable land: 16.58% permanent crops: 2.01% other: 81.41% (2005)
Irrigated land:
8,780 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:
occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic activity common in southwest
Environment - current issues:
air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents; drift net fishing
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
strategic location on Korea Strait
People
Korea, South
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Population:
49,044,790 (July 2007 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 18.3% (male 4,714,103/female 4,262,873) 15-64 years: 72.1% (male 18,004,719/female 17,346,594) 65 years and over: 9.6% (male 1,921,803/female 2,794,698) (2007 est.)
Median age:
total: 35.8 years male: 34.8 years female: 36.8 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.394% (2007 est.)
Birth rate:
9.93 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate:
5.99 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.106 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.038 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.688 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 6.05 deaths/1,000 live births male: 6.43 deaths/1,000 live births female: 5.64 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.23 years male: 73.81 years female: 80.93 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.28 children born/woman (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
8,300 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Korean(s) adjective: Korean
Ethnic groups:
homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)
Religions:
Christian 26.3% (Protestant 19.7%, Roman Catholic 6.6%), Buddhist 23.2%, other or unknown 1.3%, none 49.3% (1995 census)
Languages:
Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.9% male: 99.2% female: 96.6% (2002)
Government
Korea, South
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Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Korea conventional short form: South Korea local long form: Taehan-min'guk local short form: Han'guk abbreviation: ROK
Government type:
republic
Capital:
name: Seoul geographic coordinates: 37 33 N, 126 59 E time difference: UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 7 metropolitan cities (gwangyoksi, singular and plural) provinces: Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto (North Cholla), Cholla-namdo (South Cholla), Ch'ungch'ong-bukto (North Ch'ungch'ong), Ch'ungch'ong-namdo (South Ch'ungch'ong), Kangwon-do, Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto (North Kyongsang), Kyongsang-namdo (South Kyongsang) metropolitan cities: Inch'on-gwangyoksi (Inch'on), Kwangju-gwangyoksi (Kwangju), Pusan-gwangyoksi (Pusan), Soul-t'ukpyolsi (Seoul), Taegu-gwangyoksi (Taegu), Taejon-gwangyoksi (Taejon), Ulsan-gwangyoksi (Ulsan)
Independence:
15 August 1945 (from Japan)
National holiday:
Liberation Day, 15 August (1945)
Constitution:
17 July 1948; note - amended or rewritten nine times; current constitution approved on 29 October 1987
Legal system:
combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
19 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President ROH Moo-hyun (since 25 February 2003) head of government: Prime Minister HAN Duck-soo (since 2 April 2007); Deputy Prime Ministers KIM Woo-sik (since 10 February 2006); KWON O-kyu (since 18 July 2006); KIM Shin-il (since 20 September 2006) cabinet: State Council appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation elections: president elected by popular vote for a single five-year term; election last held 19 December 2002 (next to be held on 19 December 2007); prime minister appointed by president with consent of National Assembly; deputy prime ministers appointed by president on prime minister's recommendation election results: ROH Moo-hyun elected president; percent of vote - ROH Moo-hyun (MDP) 48.9%; LEE Hoi-chang (GNP) 46.6%; other 4.5%
Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Kukhoe (299 seats; 243 members elected in single-seat constituencies, 56 elected by proportional representation; to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 15 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - Uri 51%, GNP 41%, DLP 3%, DP 3%, others 2%; seats by party - Uri 141, GNP 127, DP 12, DLP 9, PFP 5, independents 5 note: percent of vote is for 2004 general election; seats by party reflect results of 2005 and 2006 by-elections; MDP became DP in May 2005; United Liberal Democrats (ULD) merged with GNP in February 2006
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (justices appointed by president with consent of National Assembly); Constitutional Court (justices appointed by president based partly on nominations by National Assembly and Chief Justice of the court)
Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Labor Party or DLP [MOON Seong-hyun]; Democratic Party or DP [PARK Sang-chun]; Grand National Party or GNP [KANG Jae-sup]; People-First Party or PFP [SHIN Kook-hwan and SIM Dae-pyung]; Uri Party [Chung Sye-kyun]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Federation of Korean Industries; Federation of Korean Trade Unions; Korean Confederation of Trade Unions; Korean National Council of Churches; Korean Traders Association; Korean Veterans' Association; National Council of Labor Unions; National Democratic Alliance of Korea; National Federation of Farmers' Associations; National Federation of Student Associations
International organization participation:
AfDB, APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA, MIGA, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador LEE Tae-sik chancery: 2450 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 939-5600 FAX: [1] (202) 387-0205 consulate(s) general: Agana (Guam), Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, Seattle
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Alexander VERSHBOW embassy: 32 Sejong-no, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-710 mailing address: US Embassy Seoul, APO AP 96205-5550 telephone: [82] (2) 397-4114 FAX: [82] (2) 738-8845
Flag description:
white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field
Economy
Korea, South
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Economy - overview:
Since the 1960s, South Korea has achieved an incredible record of growth and integration into the high-tech modern world economy. Four decades ago, GDP per capita was comparable with levels in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. In 2004, South Korea joined the trillion dollar club of world economies. Today its GDP per capita is equal to the lesser economies of the EU. This success was achieved by a system of close government/business ties, including directed credit, import restrictions, sponsorship of specific industries, and a strong labor effort. The government promoted the import of raw materials and technology at the expense of consumer goods and encouraged savings and investment over consumption. The Asian financial crisis of 1997-99 exposed longstanding weaknesses in South Korea's development model, including high debt/equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing, and an undisciplined financial sector. GDP plunged by 6.9% in 1998, then recovered by 9.5% in 1999 and 8.5% in 2000. Growth fell back to 3.3% in 2001 because of the slowing global economy, falling exports, and the perception that much-needed corporate and financial reforms had stalled. Led by consumer spending and exports, growth in 2002 was an impressive 7%, despite anemic global growth. Between 2003 and 2006, growth moderated to about 4-5%. A downturn in consumer spending was offset by rapid export growth. Moderate inflation, low unemployment, an export surplus, and fairly equal distribution of income characterize this solid economy.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.196 trillion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):
$897.4 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
5% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$24,500 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 3.2% industry: 39.6% services: 57.2% (2006 est.)
Labor force:
23.98 million (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 6.4% industry: 26.4% services: 67.2% (2006 est.)
Unemployment rate:
3.3% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line:
15% (2003 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 25% (2005 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
35.8 (2000)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.2% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):
29% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $219.5 billion expenditures: $215.7 billion (2006 est.)
Public debt:
25.2% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products:
rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs, chickens, milk, eggs; fish
Industries:
electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, chemicals, shipbuilding, steel
Industrial production growth rate:
8% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production:
366.2 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - consumption:
352.5 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2005)
Oil - production:
7,378 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - consumption:
2.149 million bbl/day (2004)
Oil - exports:
644,100 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - imports:
2.83 million bbl/day (2004)
Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2006)
Natural gas - production:
498.7 million cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
29.17 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
28.29 billion cu m (2005)
Current account balance:
$6.092 billion (2006 est.)
Exports:
$331.8 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:
semiconductors, wireless telecommunications equipment, motor vehicles, computers, steel, ships, petrochemicals
Exports - partners:
China 21.3%, US 13.3%, Japan 8.1%, Hong Kong 5.9% (2006)
Imports:
$302.6 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics
Imports - partners:
Japan 16.8%, China 15.7%, US 11%, Saudi Arabia 6.7%, UAE 4.2% (2006)
Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $744 million (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$239 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:
$187.2 billion (2006 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$118 billion (2006 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$NA
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$835.2 billion (2006)
Currency (code):
South Korean won (KRW)
Exchange rates:
South Korean won per US dollar - 955.3 (2006), 1,024.1 (2005), 1,145.3 (2004), 1,191.6 (2003), 1,251.1 (2002)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
Communications
Korea, South
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Telephones - main lines in use:
26.866 million (2006)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
40.197 million (2006)
Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent domestic and international services domestic: NA international: country code - 82; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean) and 3 Inmarsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 61, FM 150, shortwave 2 (2005)
Television broadcast stations:
43 (plus 59 cable operators and 190 relay cable operators) (2005)
Internet country code:
.kr
Internet hosts:
315,537 (2007)
Internet users:
34.12 million (2006)
Transportation
Korea, South
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Airports:
105 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 68 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 21 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 19 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 37 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 34 (2007)
Heliports:
536 (2007)
Pipelines:
gas 1,482 km; refined products 827 km (2006)
Railways:
total: 3,472 km standard gauge: 3,472 km 1.435-m gauge (1,342 km electrified) (2006)
Roadways:
total: 100,279 km paved: 87,032 km (includes 3,060 km of expressways) unpaved: 13,247 km (2004)
Waterways:
1,608 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2007)
Merchant marine:
total: 738 ships (1000 GRT or over) 10,636,466 GRT/17,371,943 DWT by type: bulk carrier 187, cargo 202, carrier 1, chemical tanker 119, container 81, liquefied gas 26, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 21, petroleum tanker 57, refrigerated cargo 19, roll on/roll off 8, specialized tanker 4, vehicle carrier 8 foreign-owned: 22 (China 2, France 8, Japan 1, Sweden 2, UK 1, US 7, Vietnam 1) registered in other countries: 386 (Belize 4, Cambodia 29, China 1, Cyprus 2, Greece 2, Honduras 6, Hong Kong 6, Indonesia 1, Liberia 4, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 3, Netherlands 1, Panama 316, Russia 1, Singapore 7, unknown 4) (2007)
Ports and terminals:
Inch'on, Masan, P'ohang, Pusan, Ulsan
Military
Korea, South
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Military branches:
Army, Navy, Republic of Korea Air Force (Han-guk Kong Goon), Marine Corps, National Maritime Police (coast guard) (2006)
Military service age and obligation:
20-30 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 24-28 months, depending on the military branch involved (to be reduced by 6 months beginning 2014); 18 years of age for voluntary military service; women, in service since 1950, admitted to 7 service branches, including infantry, but excluded from artillery, armor, anti-air, and chaplaincy corps; some 4,000 women serve as commissioned and noncommissioned officers, approx. 2.3% of all officers (2007)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 20-49: 12,483,677 females age 20-49: 12,014,462 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 20-49: 10,115,817 females age 20-49: 9,721,914 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males age 18-49: 344,943 females age 20-49: 312,720 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.7% (2006)
Transnational Issues
Korea, South
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Disputes - international:
Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic incidents with North Korea in the Yellow Sea over the Northern Limiting Line, which South Korea claims as a maritime boundary; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954
This page was last updated on 13 December, 2007
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Korean Buddhism
Korean Buddhism is distinguished from other forms of Buddhism by its attempt to resolve what it sees as inconsistencies in Chinese Mahayana Buddhism. Early Korean monks believed that the traditions they received from China were internally inconsistent. To address this, they developed a new holistic approach to Buddhism. This approach is characteristic of virtually all major Korean thinkers, and has resulted in a distinct variation of Buddhism, which Wonhyo (617–686) called the Tongbulgyo ("interpenetrated Buddhism"). Korean Buddhist thinkers refined their predecessors' ideas into a distinct form.
As it now stands, Korean Buddhism consists mostly of the Seon lineage. Seon has a strong relationship with other Mahayana traditions that bear the imprint of Chinese Ch'an teachings, as well as the closely related Japanese Zen. Other sects, such as the Taego, the modern revival of the Cheontae lineage, and the newly formed Won, have also attracted sizable followings.
As it now stands, Korean Buddhism consists mostly of the Seon lineage. Seon has a strong relationship with other Mahayana traditions that bear the imprint of Chinese Ch'an teachings, as well as the closely related Japanese Zen. Other sects, such as the Taego, the modern revival of the Cheontae lineage, and the newly formed Won, have also attracted sizable followings.
BUDDHIST SCULPTURE OF KOREA
Kim Lena
Buddhist Sculpture in the Three Kingdoms
The introduction of Buddhism to Korea was one of the most important factors in the formation of early Korean art. Buddhism attained great popularity and actively stimulated the production of sculpture and the construction of temples and pagodas throughout the Korean peninsula Buddhism and Buddhist art originated in India, passed through and developed in various Buddhist centers in Central Asia and China and reached Korea in the late fourth century during the Three Kingdoms period.
During this period, a large number of Buddhist monks went to China to study Buddhist doctrine They returned with Buddhist texts, images and other religious objecu Thus the development of Korean Buddhist images is indebted to Chinese prototypes and is often traced back to Central Asian or Indian models. However, Korean artists were selective favoring certain prototypes and developing them into distinctly Korean forms which reflect native, artistic traditions and regional differences.
The propagation of the Buddhism in Korea occurred under the patronage of the royal court and ruling aristocracy Large temples were constructed, and many images were created for worship. Buddhist ceremonies were held in the belief that religious faith, temple building, and icon making would guarantee the well-being of devout believers, society and the state, to afford protection from iLlness, natural disaster or foreign invasion, and to prornise rebirth in the Buddhist paradise.
When Buddhism was first introduced to Korea, imported images must have been worshiped, but these were soon superseded by locallyproduced images. The earliest extant Korean Buddhist images date from the sixth century, the oldest being a gilt-bronze Buddha discovered at Uiryong in South Kyongsang Province The inscription on the back of its aureole indicates it was made in 539 AD. during the Koguryo period
Buddhist triads consisting of a central Buddha figure flanked by two attendant Bodhisattvas were among the most popular images during the second half of the 6th century A fine example of these triads is the Rock-cut Buddha Triad found in Sosan, South Ch'ungch'ong Province part of the ancient Paekche Kingdom The three figures are carved in high relief on a huge rock facing east.
Early Korean Buddhist images often radiate a feeling of intimacy and warmth in their kindly facial expressions. The element of warmth is especiaLly evident in Paekche Buddhist images, as seen in a smaD soapstone seated Buddha and the Sosan Rock-cut Buddha triad
Of the many meditating Bodhisattva images extant from the Three Kingdoms period two large gilt bronze figures dating from around the year 600 are perhaps the most impressive Both reflect the heights achieved in bronze casting during this period and are unsurpassed in their finely modelled facial features and harmonious interplay of form between the round body and freeflowing garment folds. The so-caLled "half-seated" meditative pose is said to have originated as the irnage of Prince Siddhartha which was later developed into a tradition of meditative figures of Maitreya, reflecting the popularity of his cult
Images representing the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara were widely worshipped during the Three Kingdoms period This Bodhisattva can be recognized by a smaLI seated Buddha depicted in its crown, which symbolizes that Avalokitesvara is an attendant to the Amitabha Buddha and helps beings reach the Amitabha Buddha's Western Paradise
From the mid-seventh century naturalistic depictions became more common in Korean Buddhist sculpture There was a greater interest in the modeDing of three-dimensional forms and in a more organic and balanced proportioning of the head and body of a figure These progressive stylistic features seem to have been more readily developed by artists working in the smaLler medium of bronze than by those working in stone
The tendency toward simplicity in form, more voluminous modelling of the face and body and a reduced number of garment folds was also a haLlmark of images of Buddha during this period One of the earliest examples of the progressive seventh century style is the standing gilt-bronze Buddha discovered in Yangp'yong, north of SeouL This early seventh century figure draped in robes faLling in gentle fold$ recalls the sculptural tradition of late Oi or early Sui China but ultimately reflects the casuaL free and open-hearted spirit of the Korean people.
Buddhist Sculpture in the Unified Silla Period
When Silla unified the Three Kingdoms in 668, Buddhism enjoyed continued prosperity and was a prominent aspect of both religious life and artistic aeativity of the period.
Several artistic elements contributed to the development of Buddhist art during the Unified Silla period. Silla's indigenous local tradition continued to provide an important aesthetic base, and to this foundation were added artistic traditions inherited from the deposed kingdoms of Paekche and Koguryo. New ideas also came from Tang China, which was then the cosmopolitan center of Buddhist culture in East Asia, bringing Silla into the international arena of cultural exchanges in which Buddhist monks and merchants from Central Asia, India and as far away as Persia intermingled in the propagation of the Buddhist faith and the promotion of trade. By the late 7th century many Silla monks had ventured on pilgrimages to India, either overland through Central Asia or by the sea route around Southeast Asia.
Buddhist images during the Unified Silla period were made with great refinement Forms were full and rounded, the proportions of the body were harmonious, and an interest in realistic modelling became prominent. The gold Buddha image discovered inside a pagoda at the Kuhwang dong temple site in Kyongju is a fine example of early 8th century Buddhist art This image as well as a standing Medicine Buddha, display finely modelled facial features as well as a mastery of metal casting in the realistic representation of drapery folds and in the openwork carving on the mandorLa
Of the early 8th century stone images, those found at the Kamsansa temple site in Kyongiu are outstanding for their fine stone carving technique. The figures, mandorla and bases are all carved from a single piece of granite. The statues are also important for their inscriptions which identify the figures as Amitabha Buddha and Bodhisattva Maitreya and indicate that Kim Chi-song, a retired officiaL commissioned the images to be made in 719 Buddha. these
Kamsansa images reflect Tang stylistic influences but their iconographic prototypes are derived from Indian or lnPntrnl Asim malels.
The finest stone sculptures of 8th-century Silla are undoubtedly the images in the cave temple of Sokkuram in Kyongju. At the center of the round hall is the main Buddha image seated high on a lotus throne. It is imposing in size, majestic in posture and divine in appearance. Relief images of Bodhisattva$ Brahma and Indra are in elegant postures depicted with subtle modelling of the forms. The Buddha's ten disciples are depicted with individualized facial features and expressions, and the Four Directional Guardians are carved on either side of the corridor leading to the main halL Other guardian images are carved on the walLs of the anteroom. This cave temple enshrining images of the Buddhist Pantheon is a small replica of the Buddha Land and its construction marks the high point of the SiLla Kingdom's artistic achievements, reflecting the deep devotional nature of that flourishing Buddhist state.
The production of seated Buddha images with the Buddha's hand in the earth-touching gesture symbolizing enlightenment, such as the Sokkuram Buddha was widespread in late Unified Silla This iconography comes from India but seems to have received special attention in Late 7th century Tang China probably due to renewed contacts with the Indian Buddhist world after the famous pilgrim Xuanzang's return to China
By the Uth century there was an aesthetic decline in the sculptural tradition represented by the Sokkuram Buddha The treatment of garment folds had become stereotyped and there was no longer any interest in modelling of the body Also one senses a Lack of the religious depth that was so prominent in earlier sculptures.
In late Unified Silla, a new type of Buddha image, that of the Buddha Vairocana began to appear. Vairocana is distinguished by his unique hand gesture in which the five fingers of the right hand hold the index finger of the left finger. This figure first appeared in Huayen Buddhism and was further developed in Esoteric Buddhism as the Supreme Buddhist Deity and the Great Illuminator whose body speech and thought make up the life of the universe. Many images of this Buddha were made in stone and in iron during the ninth century In Korea these statues were especially worshiped in temples where Buddhists practiced Son (Zen)Bud&m. which stresses meditation for the attainment of enlightenment.
With the decline of Tang influence in the late Unified Silla period, Korea turned inward for inspiration in the creation of new images, and distinctively native sculptural traditions began to evolve on the peninsula.
The Koryo Period
Like the Unified Silla the Koryo Kingdom also patronized Buddhism as the state religiorL Many temples were constructed, Buddhist images multiplied, and complete sets of Buddhist texts were carved on wood blocks for printing. The latter was an act of supreme piety meant to insure the well-being and protection of the nation from disaster and foreign invasions. Buddhist worship flourished not only in the capital city of Kaesong but also in various local centers and enjoyed the patronage of the rcyal family the newly-risen Koryo officials and the deposed but nevertheless powerful Silla aristocrats.
Koryo sculptures vary in the quality of their workmanship. Many images were of high quality cast in bronze, while iron and stone became a popular media for larger statues which tended to be less articulated in their modelling. Some stone statues were carved in such shallow relief that often only the contour of the image is recognizable from the surface of the stone
In the early years of the Koryo Kingdom, the Unified Silla sculptural tradition lingered on, as revealed in the large iron seated Buddha found at a temple site in Ch'ungung-ni in Kyonggi province. This figure generally follows the stylistic features of the central image in the Sokkuram cave temple in its hand gestures, draping of the folds in the figure's clothing and the aoss-legged seated posture
A fine example of early Koryo sculpture is the marble Bodhisattva from the Hansongsa temple site in Kangnung, Kangwon Province The statue features voluminous modelling on its plump face and rounded body and in the deep carving of the necklace and scarves These features were probably inspired by Chinese images from the late Tang or Five Dynasties periods.
Stone sculptures from the Koryo period tend to be almost overpoweringly large The Unified Silla sculptural tradition persisted but changed gradually as purely Koryo elements developed.
Several bronze statues of fine workmanship survive from the late Koryo period. Most representative of these is the gilt bronze seated Medicine Buddha or Bhaisajyaguru, image at Changgoksa Temple Balanced in bodily proportions, with naturally flowing garment folds and a benevolent facial expression, this 14th century statue marks the high point of Koryo bronze casting. An examination of the interior of this statue yielded many objects including copies of sutras, colored textiles and a cloth with an ink insaiption indicating that this figure was cast in the year 546.
The Choson Period
The Choson Kingdom witnessed the decline of Buddhism as Confucianism was introduced as the state religion. However, private devotion to Buddhism persisted, and Buddhist images continued to be produced. Many of the images worshipped in Korean temples today date from the late Choson Kingdom. They are made from a variety of materials but bronze and wood seem to have been the preferred media.
Of the many wooden sculptures from the Choson period, a popular genre were the wooden relief panels carved with Buddhist images which were placed behind the alter like a Buddhist painting. The shape and expressions of the faces of the figures and the folds in the drapery were quite stereotyped and lacked in individuality The somewhat heavier carving and the stylization are typical of Buddhist sculpture in the late Choson period.
Faith in Buddhist teachings remains very much alive today in the minds of many Koreans. Thus Bud&t images will continue to be made, forever reflecting the unpretentious charm, human warmth, and carefree spirit of the Korean people.
Buddhist Sculpture in the Three Kingdoms
The introduction of Buddhism to Korea was one of the most important factors in the formation of early Korean art. Buddhism attained great popularity and actively stimulated the production of sculpture and the construction of temples and pagodas throughout the Korean peninsula Buddhism and Buddhist art originated in India, passed through and developed in various Buddhist centers in Central Asia and China and reached Korea in the late fourth century during the Three Kingdoms period.
During this period, a large number of Buddhist monks went to China to study Buddhist doctrine They returned with Buddhist texts, images and other religious objecu Thus the development of Korean Buddhist images is indebted to Chinese prototypes and is often traced back to Central Asian or Indian models. However, Korean artists were selective favoring certain prototypes and developing them into distinctly Korean forms which reflect native, artistic traditions and regional differences.
The propagation of the Buddhism in Korea occurred under the patronage of the royal court and ruling aristocracy Large temples were constructed, and many images were created for worship. Buddhist ceremonies were held in the belief that religious faith, temple building, and icon making would guarantee the well-being of devout believers, society and the state, to afford protection from iLlness, natural disaster or foreign invasion, and to prornise rebirth in the Buddhist paradise.
When Buddhism was first introduced to Korea, imported images must have been worshiped, but these were soon superseded by locallyproduced images. The earliest extant Korean Buddhist images date from the sixth century, the oldest being a gilt-bronze Buddha discovered at Uiryong in South Kyongsang Province The inscription on the back of its aureole indicates it was made in 539 AD. during the Koguryo period
Buddhist triads consisting of a central Buddha figure flanked by two attendant Bodhisattvas were among the most popular images during the second half of the 6th century A fine example of these triads is the Rock-cut Buddha Triad found in Sosan, South Ch'ungch'ong Province part of the ancient Paekche Kingdom The three figures are carved in high relief on a huge rock facing east.
Early Korean Buddhist images often radiate a feeling of intimacy and warmth in their kindly facial expressions. The element of warmth is especiaLly evident in Paekche Buddhist images, as seen in a smaD soapstone seated Buddha and the Sosan Rock-cut Buddha triad
Of the many meditating Bodhisattva images extant from the Three Kingdoms period two large gilt bronze figures dating from around the year 600 are perhaps the most impressive Both reflect the heights achieved in bronze casting during this period and are unsurpassed in their finely modelled facial features and harmonious interplay of form between the round body and freeflowing garment folds. The so-caLled "half-seated" meditative pose is said to have originated as the irnage of Prince Siddhartha which was later developed into a tradition of meditative figures of Maitreya, reflecting the popularity of his cult
Images representing the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara were widely worshipped during the Three Kingdoms period This Bodhisattva can be recognized by a smaLI seated Buddha depicted in its crown, which symbolizes that Avalokitesvara is an attendant to the Amitabha Buddha and helps beings reach the Amitabha Buddha's Western Paradise
From the mid-seventh century naturalistic depictions became more common in Korean Buddhist sculpture There was a greater interest in the modeDing of three-dimensional forms and in a more organic and balanced proportioning of the head and body of a figure These progressive stylistic features seem to have been more readily developed by artists working in the smaLler medium of bronze than by those working in stone
The tendency toward simplicity in form, more voluminous modelling of the face and body and a reduced number of garment folds was also a haLlmark of images of Buddha during this period One of the earliest examples of the progressive seventh century style is the standing gilt-bronze Buddha discovered in Yangp'yong, north of SeouL This early seventh century figure draped in robes faLling in gentle fold$ recalls the sculptural tradition of late Oi or early Sui China but ultimately reflects the casuaL free and open-hearted spirit of the Korean people.
Buddhist Sculpture in the Unified Silla Period
When Silla unified the Three Kingdoms in 668, Buddhism enjoyed continued prosperity and was a prominent aspect of both religious life and artistic aeativity of the period.
Several artistic elements contributed to the development of Buddhist art during the Unified Silla period. Silla's indigenous local tradition continued to provide an important aesthetic base, and to this foundation were added artistic traditions inherited from the deposed kingdoms of Paekche and Koguryo. New ideas also came from Tang China, which was then the cosmopolitan center of Buddhist culture in East Asia, bringing Silla into the international arena of cultural exchanges in which Buddhist monks and merchants from Central Asia, India and as far away as Persia intermingled in the propagation of the Buddhist faith and the promotion of trade. By the late 7th century many Silla monks had ventured on pilgrimages to India, either overland through Central Asia or by the sea route around Southeast Asia.
Buddhist images during the Unified Silla period were made with great refinement Forms were full and rounded, the proportions of the body were harmonious, and an interest in realistic modelling became prominent. The gold Buddha image discovered inside a pagoda at the Kuhwang dong temple site in Kyongju is a fine example of early 8th century Buddhist art This image as well as a standing Medicine Buddha, display finely modelled facial features as well as a mastery of metal casting in the realistic representation of drapery folds and in the openwork carving on the mandorLa
Of the early 8th century stone images, those found at the Kamsansa temple site in Kyongiu are outstanding for their fine stone carving technique. The figures, mandorla and bases are all carved from a single piece of granite. The statues are also important for their inscriptions which identify the figures as Amitabha Buddha and Bodhisattva Maitreya and indicate that Kim Chi-song, a retired officiaL commissioned the images to be made in 719 Buddha. these
Kamsansa images reflect Tang stylistic influences but their iconographic prototypes are derived from Indian or lnPntrnl Asim malels.
The finest stone sculptures of 8th-century Silla are undoubtedly the images in the cave temple of Sokkuram in Kyongju. At the center of the round hall is the main Buddha image seated high on a lotus throne. It is imposing in size, majestic in posture and divine in appearance. Relief images of Bodhisattva$ Brahma and Indra are in elegant postures depicted with subtle modelling of the forms. The Buddha's ten disciples are depicted with individualized facial features and expressions, and the Four Directional Guardians are carved on either side of the corridor leading to the main halL Other guardian images are carved on the walLs of the anteroom. This cave temple enshrining images of the Buddhist Pantheon is a small replica of the Buddha Land and its construction marks the high point of the SiLla Kingdom's artistic achievements, reflecting the deep devotional nature of that flourishing Buddhist state.
The production of seated Buddha images with the Buddha's hand in the earth-touching gesture symbolizing enlightenment, such as the Sokkuram Buddha was widespread in late Unified Silla This iconography comes from India but seems to have received special attention in Late 7th century Tang China probably due to renewed contacts with the Indian Buddhist world after the famous pilgrim Xuanzang's return to China
By the Uth century there was an aesthetic decline in the sculptural tradition represented by the Sokkuram Buddha The treatment of garment folds had become stereotyped and there was no longer any interest in modelling of the body Also one senses a Lack of the religious depth that was so prominent in earlier sculptures.
In late Unified Silla, a new type of Buddha image, that of the Buddha Vairocana began to appear. Vairocana is distinguished by his unique hand gesture in which the five fingers of the right hand hold the index finger of the left finger. This figure first appeared in Huayen Buddhism and was further developed in Esoteric Buddhism as the Supreme Buddhist Deity and the Great Illuminator whose body speech and thought make up the life of the universe. Many images of this Buddha were made in stone and in iron during the ninth century In Korea these statues were especially worshiped in temples where Buddhists practiced Son (Zen)Bud&m. which stresses meditation for the attainment of enlightenment.
With the decline of Tang influence in the late Unified Silla period, Korea turned inward for inspiration in the creation of new images, and distinctively native sculptural traditions began to evolve on the peninsula.
The Koryo Period
Like the Unified Silla the Koryo Kingdom also patronized Buddhism as the state religiorL Many temples were constructed, Buddhist images multiplied, and complete sets of Buddhist texts were carved on wood blocks for printing. The latter was an act of supreme piety meant to insure the well-being and protection of the nation from disaster and foreign invasions. Buddhist worship flourished not only in the capital city of Kaesong but also in various local centers and enjoyed the patronage of the rcyal family the newly-risen Koryo officials and the deposed but nevertheless powerful Silla aristocrats.
Koryo sculptures vary in the quality of their workmanship. Many images were of high quality cast in bronze, while iron and stone became a popular media for larger statues which tended to be less articulated in their modelling. Some stone statues were carved in such shallow relief that often only the contour of the image is recognizable from the surface of the stone
In the early years of the Koryo Kingdom, the Unified Silla sculptural tradition lingered on, as revealed in the large iron seated Buddha found at a temple site in Ch'ungung-ni in Kyonggi province. This figure generally follows the stylistic features of the central image in the Sokkuram cave temple in its hand gestures, draping of the folds in the figure's clothing and the aoss-legged seated posture
A fine example of early Koryo sculpture is the marble Bodhisattva from the Hansongsa temple site in Kangnung, Kangwon Province The statue features voluminous modelling on its plump face and rounded body and in the deep carving of the necklace and scarves These features were probably inspired by Chinese images from the late Tang or Five Dynasties periods.
Stone sculptures from the Koryo period tend to be almost overpoweringly large The Unified Silla sculptural tradition persisted but changed gradually as purely Koryo elements developed.
Several bronze statues of fine workmanship survive from the late Koryo period. Most representative of these is the gilt bronze seated Medicine Buddha or Bhaisajyaguru, image at Changgoksa Temple Balanced in bodily proportions, with naturally flowing garment folds and a benevolent facial expression, this 14th century statue marks the high point of Koryo bronze casting. An examination of the interior of this statue yielded many objects including copies of sutras, colored textiles and a cloth with an ink insaiption indicating that this figure was cast in the year 546.
The Choson Period
The Choson Kingdom witnessed the decline of Buddhism as Confucianism was introduced as the state religion. However, private devotion to Buddhism persisted, and Buddhist images continued to be produced. Many of the images worshipped in Korean temples today date from the late Choson Kingdom. They are made from a variety of materials but bronze and wood seem to have been the preferred media.
Of the many wooden sculptures from the Choson period, a popular genre were the wooden relief panels carved with Buddhist images which were placed behind the alter like a Buddhist painting. The shape and expressions of the faces of the figures and the folds in the drapery were quite stereotyped and lacked in individuality The somewhat heavier carving and the stylization are typical of Buddhist sculpture in the late Choson period.
Faith in Buddhist teachings remains very much alive today in the minds of many Koreans. Thus Bud&t images will continue to be made, forever reflecting the unpretentious charm, human warmth, and carefree spirit of the Korean people.
Biography of the Rain
Jung Ji Hoon, born on the 25th of June 1982 is a well known actor and singer in South Korea.
To his fans, he is known by his stage name Bi (pronounce: “Bee” which means Rain in English). He discovered his passion for dancing ever since he was in the 6th grade. As a teenager, he was part of the boyband group called “fanclub” and years after the group ended, Park Jin Young (Korean producer/singer who worked with American singers Will Smith, Mase, Lil’ Kim, 3LW, Tyrese) took Bi under his wings after he auditioned for JYP entertainment and trained him for years in dancing and singing. Bi was a back-dancer for a famous Korean singer named Park Ji Yoon and Park Jin Young himself. During those training years, Bi was not at home much and would lie to his parents telling them he was gonna study in the library while in fact he went to the dance studio. He struggled financially and at times had to go without meals. Nevertheless, he continued to focus on his dance and singing even though he was anxiously waiting for his debut.
Finally in 2002 he debuted with the song “nappun namja (bad guy)” charming fans with his singing and powerful choreography. After the 1st album, he starred in the drama “Sangdoo Hakyo Gaja (sangdoo let’s go to school)”; many people were impressed by his acting skills regardless that it was his first time acting in a drama. Following the success of his debut, he came back with a new set of style in his 2nd album and hit song “how to avoid the sun”. In 2004 he released the 3rd album “it’s raining” and starred in another successful drama called “Full House” which has aired in other Asian countries such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, Japan and was one of the highest rating Korean drama which has won the hearts of many fans across Asia. His 3rd album “it’s raining” has been released in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand and has top the foreign music charts in those countries; the album has sold more than 1 million in Asia and it is still in the process of being released in other Asian countries as well (soon to be in the Philippines). His concert called “Rainy day” which was held in Korea and Japan had concert tickets sold out on the first day.
The American hip hop singer Lil’ Kim has offered Bi to work with her on her new album, the group 3LW also collaborated with Bi on their album. The Korean Pop sensation, Bi received the 2004 “KBS Daesang Award” in Korea (Daesang is the highest Korean music award) and he has won the MTV Asia Grand Slam; a series of awards in the Asian countries that broadcast MTV Asia. He won the “Favorite Artist of Korea” from the 2005 MTV Asia Aid held in Bangkok and the “Popular Asian Artist Award” from Channel [V] Thailand, he also won the “Best Buzz Asia Award” during the MTV Japan Video Music Award 2005 and in Beijing he won the “Best Korean Singer” award in the MTV-CCTV Mandarin Music Honors. He is invited to perform in the American MTV Video Music Awards 2005 held in Miami and also at the MTV Latin Video Music Awards 2005 in Mexico. Since his debut in 2002, the 23 year old has been one of the most popular Korean artists in Asia. The success he achieved through his hard work is a promise that he made to his late mother.
To his fans, he is known by his stage name Bi (pronounce: “Bee” which means Rain in English). He discovered his passion for dancing ever since he was in the 6th grade. As a teenager, he was part of the boyband group called “fanclub” and years after the group ended, Park Jin Young (Korean producer/singer who worked with American singers Will Smith, Mase, Lil’ Kim, 3LW, Tyrese) took Bi under his wings after he auditioned for JYP entertainment and trained him for years in dancing and singing. Bi was a back-dancer for a famous Korean singer named Park Ji Yoon and Park Jin Young himself. During those training years, Bi was not at home much and would lie to his parents telling them he was gonna study in the library while in fact he went to the dance studio. He struggled financially and at times had to go without meals. Nevertheless, he continued to focus on his dance and singing even though he was anxiously waiting for his debut.
Finally in 2002 he debuted with the song “nappun namja (bad guy)” charming fans with his singing and powerful choreography. After the 1st album, he starred in the drama “Sangdoo Hakyo Gaja (sangdoo let’s go to school)”; many people were impressed by his acting skills regardless that it was his first time acting in a drama. Following the success of his debut, he came back with a new set of style in his 2nd album and hit song “how to avoid the sun”. In 2004 he released the 3rd album “it’s raining” and starred in another successful drama called “Full House” which has aired in other Asian countries such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, Japan and was one of the highest rating Korean drama which has won the hearts of many fans across Asia. His 3rd album “it’s raining” has been released in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand and has top the foreign music charts in those countries; the album has sold more than 1 million in Asia and it is still in the process of being released in other Asian countries as well (soon to be in the Philippines). His concert called “Rainy day” which was held in Korea and Japan had concert tickets sold out on the first day.
The American hip hop singer Lil’ Kim has offered Bi to work with her on her new album, the group 3LW also collaborated with Bi on their album. The Korean Pop sensation, Bi received the 2004 “KBS Daesang Award” in Korea (Daesang is the highest Korean music award) and he has won the MTV Asia Grand Slam; a series of awards in the Asian countries that broadcast MTV Asia. He won the “Favorite Artist of Korea” from the 2005 MTV Asia Aid held in Bangkok and the “Popular Asian Artist Award” from Channel [V] Thailand, he also won the “Best Buzz Asia Award” during the MTV Japan Video Music Award 2005 and in Beijing he won the “Best Korean Singer” award in the MTV-CCTV Mandarin Music Honors. He is invited to perform in the American MTV Video Music Awards 2005 held in Miami and also at the MTV Latin Video Music Awards 2005 in Mexico. Since his debut in 2002, the 23 year old has been one of the most popular Korean artists in Asia. The success he achieved through his hard work is a promise that he made to his late mother.
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